Large vs Significant Cash Flows – What’s the difference?

Sean P. Gilligan, CFA, CPA, CIPM
Managing Partner
August 22, 2022
15 min
Large vs Significant Cash Flows – What’s the difference?

Cash flows are frequently mentioned throughout the GIPS standards, and there can understandably be confusion around the terms “large cash flow” versus “significant cash flow.” While these terms sound very similar, they refer to different concepts and each play an important role in performance calculations and composite construction for firms that comply with the GIPS standards. It is also important to note that although they are called “cash” flows, this term refers to any type of external capital flow (cash or investments) entering or exiting the portfolio.

The key difference to remember is that the “large” cash flow requirements are focused on ensuring that the methodology used to calculate time-weighted returns (TWRs) is as accurate as possible. Conversely, the guidance relating to “significant” cash flows is concerned with a portfolio manager’s ability to fully implement the intended strategy. We discuss these differences in more detail below.

What are Large Cash Flows?

A main consideration for portfolio-level calculations is the treatment of external cash flows. As of the start of 2010, the GIPS standards require firms to value non-private market investment portfolios at the time of each large cash flow, in addition to the last business day of the month. The purpose of this requirement is focused on the accuracy of the performance calculations. Methodologies that daily-weight external cash flows based on the amount of time they were in the portfolio, such as Modified Dietz, begin to lose their accuracy as the size of the cash flow increases, especially during volatile market periods.

What is considered “large” is up to each firm to define for themselves. Historically, the default setting for many portfolio accounting systems was set to revalue for cash flows that are 10% of the portfolio’s value or larger. Many systems now revalue portfolios daily, which means they essentially have a threshold of 0%. What is most important is to choose a threshold that provides accurate results, even if you're not revaluing every day or for each cash flow. While 10% is still the most common threshold for firms that do not revalue for all cash flows, some firms set thresholds as high as 20%; however, anything higher than 20% is uncommon.

Firms must define the appropriate large cash flow threshold at the composite-level with consideration for factors such as the nature of the strategy, its volatility, and its targeted cash level. Some portfolio accounting systems have the option of implementing a large cash flow policy at the asset-class-level, although it’s most common to see large cash flows defined in terms of a percentage of overall portfolio assets.

While the GIPS standards allow some flexibility in how TWRs are calculated, the methodology used must meet certain criteria. When calculating TWRs monthly, firms must calculate sub-period returns at the time of all large cash flows and geometrically link the sub-period returns. The Modified Dietz method, which weights each external cash flow by the amount of time it is held in the portfolio, is a common methodology used in calculating a TWR when cash flows do not exceed the threshold set to define “large” cash flows. Details of the calculation methodology used for portfolio-level calculations must be documented in a firm’s GIPS policies and procedures (GIPS P&P).

Significant Cash Flows

While the requirements relating to “large” cash flows are focused on the accuracy of performance calculations, the purpose of establishing policies relating to “significant” cash flows are designed to help identify when portfolios should be temporarily removed from composites. The GIPS standards recognize that very large external flows of cash or investments can significantly impair a firm’s ability to implement a portfolio’s intended strategy, causing the portfolio’s performance to deviate from that of the composite. Firms have the option to establish a significant cash flow policy that temporarily removes a portfolio from the composite to avoid the disruptive effects of significant cash flows.

Firms adopting a significant cash flow policy must define “significant” at the composite-level, and the policy may differ between composites. Firms should determine the threshold by considering factors such as the liquidity of the strategy’s investments and the time it takes the firm to invest new money or raise funds for a client-requested distribution. The significant cash flow threshold may be based on a specific dollar amount, but it is more commonly based on a percentage of the portfolio’s market value. Firms may define a significant cash flow as a single flow or as an aggregation of flows within a stated period.

The policy may only be applied prospectively. Firms should consider whether a significant cash flow policy is needed during the initial construction of a composite, although the policy can be changed going forward with proper documentation. The concept of a significant cash flow applies only to composites presenting TWRs and does not apply to pooled funds presented in GIPS Pooled Fund Reports. Details on a composite’s significant cash flow policy must be documented in the firm’s GIPS P&P, as well as disclosed in the composite’s GIPS Report.

Summary of Key Differences

Large Cash Flow Policy

  • Requirement for firms calculating returns monthly
  • Portfolios experiencing a large cash flow remain in the composite
  • Purpose is to improve the mathematical accuracy of portfolio-level calculations

Significant Cash Flow Policy

  • Optional policy
  • Portfolios experiencing a significant cash flow are removed from the composite for a specified period
  • Purpose is to ensure composite-level performance results are not distorted by very large cash flows that were not controlled by the portfolio manager

A firm can establish both a large cash flow policy and a significant cash flow policy. While these two thresholds are determined independently from one another, it is generally expected that the significant cash flow threshold is higher than the large cash flow threshold. Firms are not allowed to set a significant cash flow threshold equal to or lower than the large cash flow threshold for the purpose of avoiding revaluing portfolios.

If you need assistance calculating performance or deciding which GIPS policies make the most sense for your unique strategies, please contact us to find out how we can help.

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Key Takeaways from the 29th Annual GIPS® Standards Conference in Phoenix

The 29th Annual Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) Conference was held November 11–12, 2025, at the Sheraton Grand at Wild Horse Pass in Phoenix, Arizona—a beautiful desert resort and an ideal setting for two days of discussions on performance reporting, regulatory expectations, and practical implementation challenges. With no updates released to the GIPS standards this year, much of the content focused on application, interpretation, and the broader reporting and regulatory environment that surrounds the standards.

One of the few topics directly tied to GIPS compliance with a near-term impact relates to OCIO portfolios. Beginning with performance presentations that include periods through December 31, 2025, GIPS compliant firms with OCIO composites must present performance following a newly prescribed, standardized format. We published a high-level overview of these requirements previously.

The conference also covered related topics such as the SEC Marketing Rule, private fund reporting expectations, SEC exam trends, ethical challenges, and methodology consistency. Below are the themes and observations most relevant for firms today.

Are Changes Coming to the GIPS Standards in 2030?

Speakers emphasized that while no new GIPS standards updates were introduced this year, expectations for consistent, well-documented implementation continue to rise. Many attendee questions highlighted that challenges often stem more from inconsistent application or interpretation than from unclear requirements.

Several audience members also asked whether a “GIPS 2030” rewrite might be coming, similar to the major updates in 2010 and 2020. The CFA Institute and GIPS Technical Committee noted that:

    ·   No new version of the standards is currently in development,

     ·   A long-term review cycle is expected in the coming years, and

     ·   A future update is possible later this decade as the committee evaluates whether changes are warranted.

For now, the standards remain stable—giving firms a window to refine methodologies, tighten policies, and align practices across teams.

Performance Methodology Under the SEC Marketing Rule

The Marketing Rule featured prominently again this year, and presenters emphasized a familiar theme: firms must apply performance methodologies consistently when private fund results appear in advertising materials.

Importantly, these expectations do not come from prescriptive formulas within the rule. They stem from:

1.     The “fair and balanced” requirement,

2.     The Adopting Release, and

3.     SEC exam findings that view inconsistent methodology as potentially misleading.

Common issues raised included: presenting investment-level gross IRR alongside fund-level net IRR without explanation, treating subscription line financing differently in gross vs. net IRR, and inconsistently switching methodology across decks, funds, or periods.

To help firms void these pitfalls, speakers highlighted several expectations:

     ·   Clearly identify whether IRR is calculated at the investment level or fund level.

     ·   Use the same level of calculation for both gross and net IRR unless a clear, disclosed rationale exists.

     ·   Apply subscription line impacts consistently across both gross and net.

     ·   Label fund-level gross IRR clearly, if used(including gross returns is optional).

     ·   Ensure net IRR reflects all fees, expenses, and carried interest.

     ·   Disclose any intentional methodological differences clearly and prominently.

     ·   Document methodology choices in policies and apply them consistently across funds.

This remains one of the most frequently cited issues in SEC exam findings for private fund advisers. In short: the SEC does not mandate a specific methodology, but it does expect consistent, well-supported approaches that avoid misleading impressions.

Evolving Expectations in Private Fund Client Reporting

Although no new regulatory requirements were announced, presenters made it clear that limited partners expect more transparency than ever before. The session included an overview of the updated ILPA reporting template along with additional information related to its implementation. Themes included:

     ·   Clearer disclosure of fees and expenses,

     ·   Standardized IRR and MOIC reporting,

     ·   More detail around subscription line usage,

     ·   Attribution and dispersion that are easy to interpret, and

     ·   Alignment with ILPA reporting practices.

These are not formal requirements, but it’s clear the industry is moving toward more standardized and transparent reporting.

Practical Insights from SEC Exams—Including How Firms Should Approach Deficiency Letters

A recurring theme across the SEC exam sessions was the need for stronger alignment between what firms say in their policies and what they do in practice. Trends included:

     ·   More detailed reviews of fee and expense calculations, especially for private funds,

     ·   Larger sample requests for Marketing Rule materials,

     ·   Increased emphasis on substantiation of all claims, and

     ·   Close comparison of written procedures to actual workflows.

A particularly helpful part of the discussion focused on how firms should approach responding to SEC deficiency letters—something many advisers encounter at some point.

Christopher Mulligan, Partner at Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, offered a framework that resonated with many attendees. He explained that while the deficiency letter is addressed to the firm by the exam staff, the exam staff is not the primary audience when drafting the response.

The correct priority order is:

1. The SEC Enforcement Division

Enforcement should be able to read your response and quickly understand that: you fully grasp the issue, you have corrected or are correcting it, and nothing in the finding merits escalation.

Your first objective is to eliminate any concern that the issue rises to an enforcement matter.

2. Prospective Clients

Many allocators now request historical deficiency letters and responses during due diligence. The way the response is written—its tone, clarity, and thoroughness—can meaningfully influence how a firm is perceived.

A well-written response shows strong controls and a culture that takes compliance seriously.

3. The SEC Exam Staff

Although examiners issued the letter, they are the third audience. Their primary interest is acknowledgment and a clear explanation of the remediation steps.

Mulligan emphasized that firms often default to writing the response as if exam staff were the only audience. Reframing the response to keep the first two audiences in mind—enforcement and prospective clients—helps ensure the tone, clarity, and level of detail are appropriate and reduces both regulatory and reputational risk.

Final Thoughts

With no changes to the GIPS standards introduced this year, the 2025 conference in Phoenix served as a reminder that the real challenges involve consistency, documentation, and communication. OCIO providers in particular should be preparing for the upcoming effective date, and private fund managers continue to face rising expectations around transparent, well-supported performance reporting.

Across all sessions, a common theme emerged: clear methodology and strong internal processes are becoming just as important as the performance results themselves.

This is exactly where Longs Peak focuses its work. Our team specializes in helping firms document and implement practical, well-controlled investment performance frameworks—from IRR methodologies and composite construction to Marketing Rule compliance, fee and expense controls, and preparing for GIPS standards verification. We take the technical complexity and turn it into clear, operational processes that withstand both client due diligence and regulatory scrutiny.

If you’d like to discuss how we can help strengthen your performance reporting or compliance program, we’d be happy to talk. Contact us.

From Compliance to Growth: How the GIPS® Standards Help Investment Firms Unlock New Opportunities

For many investment managers, the first barrier to growth isn’t performance—it’s proof.
When platforms, consultants, and institutional investors evaluate new strategies, they’re not just asking how well you perform; they’re asking how you measure and present those results.

That’s where the GIPS® standards come in.

More and more investment platforms and allocators now require firms to comply with the GIPS standards before they’ll even review a strategy. For firms seeking to expand their reach—whether through model delivery, SMAs, or institutional channels—GIPS compliance has become a passport to opportunity.

The Opportunity Behind Compliance

Becoming compliant with the GIPS standards is about more than checking a box. It’s about building credibility and transparency in a way that resonates with today’s due diligence standards.

When a firm claims compliance with the GIPS standards, it demonstrates that its performance is calculated and presented according to globally recognized ethical principles—ensuring full disclosure and fair representation. This helps level the playing field for managers of all sizes, giving them a chance to compete where it matters most: on results and consistency.

In short, GIPS compliance doesn’t just make your reporting more accurate—it makes your firm more credible and discoverable.

Turning Complexity Into Clarity

While the benefits are clear, the process can feel overwhelming. Between defining the firm, creating composites, documenting policies and procedures, and maintaining data accuracy—many teams struggle to find the time or expertise to get it right.

That’s where Longs Peak comes in.

We specialize in simplifying the process. Our team helps firms navigate every step—from initial readiness and composite construction to quarterly maintenance and ongoing training—so that compliance becomes a seamless part of operations rather than a burden on them.

As one of our clients put it, “Longs Peak helps us navigate GIPS compliance with ease. They spare us from the time and effort needed to interpret what the requirements mean and let us focus on implementation.”

Real Firms, Real Impact

We’ve seen firsthand how GIPS compliance can transform firms’ growth trajectories.

Take Genter Capital Management, for example. As David Klatt, CFA and his team prepared to expand into model delivery platforms, managing composites in accordance with the GIPS standards became increasingly complex. With Longs Peak’s customized composite maintenance system in place, Genter gained the confidence and operational efficiency they needed to access new platforms and relationships—many of which require firms to be GIPS compliant as a baseline.

Or consider Integris Wealth Management. After years of wanting to formalize their composite reporting, they finally made it happen with our support. As Jenna Reynolds from Integris shared:

“When I joined Integris over seven years ago, we knew we wanted to build out our composite reporting, but the complexity of the process felt overwhelming. Since partnering with Longs Peak in 2022, they’ve been instrumental in driving the project to completion. Our ongoing collaboration continues to be both productive and enjoyable.”

These are just two examples of what happens when compliance meets clarity—firms gain time back, confidence grows, and new business doors open.

Why It Matters—Compliance as a Strategic Advantage

At Longs Peak, we believe compliance with the GIPS standards isn’t a cost—it’s an investment.

By aligning your firm’s performance reporting with the GIPS standards, you gain:

  • Access to platforms and institutions that require GIPS compliant firms.
  • Credibility and trust in an increasingly competitive landscape.
  • Operational efficiency through consistent data and documented processes.
  • Scalability to support multiple strategies and distribution channels.

Simply put: compliance fuels confidence—and confidence drives growth.

Simplifying the Complex

At Longs Peak, we’ve helped over 250 firms and asset owners transform how they calculate, present, and communicate their investment performance. Our goal is simple: make compliance with the GIPS standards practical, transparent, and aligned with your firm’s growth goals.

Because when compliance works efficiently, it doesn’t slow your business down—it helps it reach further.

Ready to turn compliance into a growth advantage?

Let’s talk about how we can help your firm simplify the complex.

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Performance reporting has two common pitfalls: it’s backward-looking, and it often stops at raw returns. A quarterly report might show whether a portfolio beat its benchmark, but it doesn’t always show why or whether the results are sustainable. By layering in risk-adjusted performance measures—and using them in a structured feedback loop—firms can move beyond reporting history to actively improving the future.

Why a Feedback Loop Matters

Clients, boards, and oversight committees want more than historical returns. They want to know whether:

·        performance was delivered consistently,

·        risk was managed responsibly, and

·        the process driving results is repeatable.

A feedback loop helps firms:

·        define expectations up front instead of rationalizing results after the fact,

·        monitor performance relative to objective appraisal measures,

·        diagnose whether results are consistent with the manager’s stated mandate, and

·        adjust course in real time so tomorrow’s outcomes improve.

With the right discipline, performance reporting shifts from a record of the past toa tool for shaping the future.

Step 1: Define the Measures in Advance

A useful feedback loop begins with clear definitions of success. Just as businesses set key performance indicators (KPIs) before evaluating outcomes, portfolio managers should define their performance and risk statistics in advance, along with expectations for how those measures should look if the strategy is working as intended.

One way to make this tangible is by creating a Performance Scorecard. The scorecard sets out pre-determined goals with specific targets for the chosen measures. At the end of the performance period, the manager completes the scorecard by comparing actual outcomes against those targets. This creates a clear, documented record of where the strategy succeeded and where it fell short.

Some of the most effective appraisal measures to include on a scorecard are:

·        Jensen’s Alpha: Did the manager generate returns beyond what would be expected for the level of market risk (beta) taken?

·        Sharpe Ratio: Were returns earned efficiently relative to volatility?

·        Max Drawdown: If the strategy claims downside protection, did the worst loss align with that promise?

·        Up- and Down-Market Capture Ratios: Did the strategy deliver the participation levels in up and down markets that were expected?

By setting these expectations up front in a scorecard, firms create a benchmark for accountability. After the performance period, results can be compared to those preset goals, and any shortfalls can be dissected to understand why they occurred.

Step 2: Create Accountability Through Reflection

This structured comparison between expected vs. actual results is the heart of the feedback loop.

If the Sharpe Ratio is lower than expected, was excess risk taken unintentionally? If the Downside Capture Ratio is higher than promised, did the strategy really offer the protection it claimed?

The key is not just to measure, but to reflect. Managers should ask:

·        Were deviations intentional or unintentional?

·        Were they the result of security selection, risk underestimation, or process drift?

·        Do changes need to be made to avoid repeating the same shortfall next period?

The scorecard provides a simple framework for this reflection, turning appraisal statistics into active learning tools rather than static reporting figures.

Step 3: Monitor, Diagnose, Adjust

With preset measures in place, the loop becomes an ongoing process:

1.     Review results against the expectations that were defined in advance.

2.     Flag deviations using alpha, Sharpe, drawdown, and capture ratios.

3.     Discuss root causes—intentional, structural, or concerning.

4.     Refine the investment process to avoid repeating the same shortcomings.

This approach ensures that managers don’t just record results—they use them to refine their craft. The scorecard becomes the record of this process, creating continuity over multiple periods.

Step 4: Apply the Feedback Loop Broadly

When applied consistently, appraisal measures—and the scorecards built around them—support more than internal evaluation. They can be used for:

·        Manager oversight: Boards and trustees see whether results matched stated goals.

·        Incentive design: Bonus structures tied to pre-defined risk-adjusted outcomes.

·        Governance and compliance: Demonstrating accountability with clear, documented processes.

How Longs Peak Can Help

At Longs Peak, we help firms move beyond static reporting by building feedback loops rooted in performance appraisal. We:

·        Define meaningful performance and risk measures tailored to each strategy.

·        Help managers set pre-determined expectations for those measures and build them into a scorecard.

·        Calculate and interpret statistics such as alpha, Sharpe, drawdowns, and capture ratios.

·        Facilitate reflection sessions so results are compared to goals and lessons are turned into process improvements.

·        Provide governance support to ensure documentation and accountability.

The result is a sustainable process that keeps strategies aligned, disciplined, and credible.

Closing Thought

Markets will always fluctuate. But firms that treat performance as a feedback loop—nota static report—build resilience, discipline, and trust.

A well-structured scorecard ensures that performance data isn’t just about yesterday’s story. When used as feedback, it becomes a roadmap for tomorrow.

Need help creating a Performance Scorecard? Reach out if you want us to help you create more accountability today!