GIPS Conference 2021: Key takeaways

Sean P. Gilligan, CFA, CPA, CIPM
Managing Partner
November 17, 2021
15 min
GIPS Conference 2021: Key takeaways

CFA Institute hosted the 25th annual GIPS Conference October 26th - 27th 2021. Like last year’s conference, viewers tuned in virtually to hear from industry experts on a range of subjects relating to GIPS compliance and investment performance.

The hottest topics of this year’s conference were the newest developments regarding compliance with the 2020 GIPS Standards, the SEC Marketing Rule, ESG reporting, and manager selection and oversight. Below are some key takeaways from this two-day event.

Updated Resources for the 2020 GIPS Standards

The 2020 edition of the GIPS standards was issued June 2019, and compliant firms are required to make any necessary updates before presenting performance for periods including 31 December 2020 in their GIPS Reports.

This year’s conference reminded firms of these updates and discussed implementation challenges. We have shared similar information in previous articles that may help your firm implement the 2020 GIPS standards if not yet fully adopted. For more information check out our previous articles on How to Comply with the 2020 GIPS Standards, How to Update your GIPS Policies & Procedures for GIPS 2020, and How to Update your GIPS Reports for the 2020 GIPS Standards.

CFA Institute has been hard at work updating the resources on their website so that the most relevant guidance is easy to find. This has involved updating or archiving outdated and repetitive documents, with some of this content being incorporated into new Guidance Statements.

Guidance Statements are authoritative guidance on a broad topic. The Guidance Statements on Supplemental Information, Risk, and Overlay were out for comment prior to issuance of the 2020 standards. Concepts from these Guidance Statements were included in the provisions and the Handbook, covering Supplemental Information and Risk sufficiently enough for those Guidance Statements not to be issued. The Guidance Statement on Overlay Strategies is currently being finalized.

Guidance Statements updated or new in 2021 include the updated Benchmark Guidance Statement (effective 1 April 2021) and new Wrap Fee Guidance Statement (Effective 1 October 2021).

Q&As are also authoritative guidance, but on a narrower topic compared to Guidance Statements. There was a lot of re-organization done to the Q&As, with 265 Q&As being archived and 39 updated by CFA Institute. Content from many of the archived Q&As is now incorporated within the Handbook, while other Q&As are no longer applicable under the 2020 Standards.

There were several new Q&As issued addressing 2020 standards topics.

FINRA Regulatory Notice 20-21

This year’s conference also addressed FINRA Regulatory Notice 20-21, guidance from which indicates that firms presenting IRRs in private placements must calculate and present performance in accordance with the methodology outlined in the GIPS standards.

Details on the calculation and presentation requirements for IRRs, as well as additional information on this regulatory notice was outlined in a previous blog released on this topic.

The GIPS standards generally prohibit firms from making statements about calculating returns in compliance with the GIPS standards, as compliance with the GIPS standards is “all or nothing” and firms cannot partially claim compliance.

With that being said, an exemption has been made to allow firms and their agents to make a specific statement regarding the GIPS Standards only in retail communications concerning private placement offerings that are prepared in accordance with FINRA Regulatory Notice 20-21. The following statements can now be used:

For firms that do NOT claim compliance with the GIPS standards:

[Insert firm name] has calculated the since-inception internal rate of return (SI-IRR) and fund metrics using a methodology that is consistent with the calculation requirements of the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®). [Insert firm name] does not claim compliance with the GIPS standards. GIPS® is a registered trademark of CFA Institute. CFA Institute does not endorse or promote [insert firm name], nor does it warrant the accuracy or quality of the content contained herein.

For firms that claim compliance with the GIPS standards:

[Insert firm name] has calculated the since-inception internal rate of return (SI-IRR) and fund metrics using a methodology that is consistent with the calculation requirements of the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®). [Insert firm name] claims compliance with the GIPS standards. GIPS® is a registered trademark of CFA Institute. CFA Institute does not endorse or promote [insert firm name], nor does it warrant the accuracy or quality of the content contained herein.

Databases & the GIPS Standards

Investment manager databases are a powerful tool for the collection of standardized data from investment managers, including quantitative and qualitative data on firms and their strategies.

For managers who populate databases, the importance of providing all available information and keeping the monthly and quarterly performance data up-to-date was emphasized, as not doing so increases the likelihood of being filtered out of investors’ searches.

When narrowing down managers/products, some of the main criteria investors and consultants screen by include:

  • Risk/return metrics
  • Assets under management
  • Product-level details such as benchmarks and holdings
  • ESG and Diversity & Inclusion information

Longs Peak helps many clients calculate firm and product statistics and updates them in these databases each month. Getting support in this process is a great way to keep these items updated and help your firm avoid being filtered out for dated information.

The conference speakers also emphasized that when populating databases, GIPS compliant firms should treat these communications the same as any other qualified prospective client. Firms complying with the GIPS standards are required to make their best effort to distribute a GIPS Report to all prospective clients. Firms uploading performance to databases need to think of a database as a prospective client and include their GIPS Report.

A firm’s “best effort” in providing a GIPS Report to a database should involve uploading the GIPS Report directly to the database if that option is available. Otherwise, reaching out to your firm’s database contact and providing the GIPS Report via email also checks the box for this requirement.

The 2020 GIPS standards require firms to demonstrate that they’ve met the distribution requirement, thus it’s important to save any relevant emails and document this effort in a distribution log, similar to how it is done for other prospective clients.

ESG Disclosures

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) refers to the evaluation of a firm’s sustainability and ethical impact of an investment in a business or company. Investors are increasingly using ESG criteria to screen investment products.

Research has shown that ESG considerations can have an impact on risk and return, so paying attention to these structural, long-term trends has become a focus for many firms as well as investors. Investors want transparency around how products are put together, what they do, and how they do it.

Asset management practices vary by firm, so there tends to be an expectation gap about what ESG means to different firms and what their products do. Disclosures around ESG products have tended to be on the lighter side, focusing on ESG as a process and how these considerations are integrated into the investment process and portfolio construction rather than the outcomes of the products and how those are measured.

Managers have opted to keep these disclosures light as to give themselves the opportunity to adjust their products as the market develops. With so many different questions being asked by investors, a need has arisen for standardizing the disclosure requirements for ESG products.

The CFA Institute Global ESG Disclosure Standards for Investment Products was issued 1 November 2021. This is the first global voluntary standard for disclosing how an investment product reflects ESG matters in its objectives, investment strategy, and stewardship activities.

The Handbook, which includes an explanation of the provisions and interpretive guidance, is set to be issued on or before 1 May 2022. Assurance procedures that will enable independent assessment of ESG disclosure statements is also set to be issued by the same date.

SEC Marketing Rule

The SEC Marketing Rule went into effect 4 May 2021, and firms registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have until 4 November 2022 to comply. As was the case for the 2020 GIPS standards, early adopters must meet all requirements of the new rule and cannot do a partial adoption.

Under the SEC Marketing Rule, GIPS Reports are considered an advertisement rather than a one-on-one presentation because GIPS Reports typically use the same performance table for all recipients and are a standardized marketing document.

Unfortunately, requirements of the SEC Marketing Rule are not all consistent with those of the GIPS Standards. Since SEC registered firms must ensure they are meeting all regulatory requirements that go beyond what GIPS requires, there are some changes firms may need to make once the SEC Marketing Rule is adopted. For example:

Return Stream – Firms must show net-of-fee returns. Net-of-fee returns must be net of advisory fees and custody fees if the adviser is paid for the custodial services (rather than a third-party custodian).

Track Record – Firms must present the 1-, 5-, and 10-year annualized returns in advertisements. If the track record does not go back this long, the annualized since inception return must be shown, in addition to the applicable time periods listed.

  1. If GIPS Reports are used as a standalone document, these statistics must be added to the GIPS Reports.
  2. If the GIPS Reports are included in a pitchbook or incorporated into other marketing materials, these statistics can be shown outside of the GIPS Report.
  3. Firms whose track records go back farther than the periods for which they claim compliance with the GIPS Standards must show these additional periods. For example, if the firm claims compliance with GIPS for the most recent 5 years, but the firm and strategy have existed for 10 years, the 10-year annualized performance must be shown. Since the GIPS standards do not allow firms to link compliant and non-compliant performance periods, if this is presented on the GIPS Report to satisfy this SEC requirement, a disclosure of this conflict must be included. The following is an example of how this disclosure could be written:
    • The inception of the firm’s GIPS compliance is 1/1/2016. Performance is presented with an inception date of 1/1/2011. Although the GIPS standards prohibit linking compliant and non-compliant performance periods, the 10-year annualized return is presented to meet local regulatory requirements set forth by the SEC Marketing Rule.”

Hypothetical Performance – Firms must make a clear differentiation (and have documented Policies & Procedures) on who may receive hypothetical performance in marketing. To receive this type of information, the recipient must be a sophisticated investor, as defined by the firm in their policies and procedures. The presented hypothetical performance must also be deemed relevant to the given recipient’s financial situation. If using hypothetical performance, firms are required to maintain a record of who it was shared with and how they met the qualifications to receive such performance.

Carve-Outs – What the GIPS standards refers to as a “carve-out,” the SEC Marketing Rule refers to as “extracted performance.” The SEC Marketing Rule also considers a composite of extracted performance to be hypothetical. Therefore, the recipients of carve-out composite performance, such as in a carve-out composite’s GIPS Report, must be qualified to receive hypothetical performance as described in the Hypothetical Performance section above.

Non-Fee-Paying Accounts – Firms must apply a model fee to any non-fee-paying accounts within composites if net-of-fee returns are presented using actual fees. Firms that apply model fees (instead of actual) to determine composite-level net-of-fee returns will not need to make any changes. The fee applied to the non-fee-paying accounts should be the highest fee that was charged historically or the highest possible fee the advisor would charge today.

Frequency/Timeliness of Updates – Marketing must be updated as of the latest calendar year-end at a minimum. However, more recent periods (such as YTD) may be required if, for example, a material shift in the performance occurred since the latest calendar year-end. It is generally expected that most firms should be able to update performance through the end of the calendar year within one month after the year ends.

  • Not showing more recent, YTD performance could be considered misleading if more timely quarter-end performance is available and/or events have occurred that would have a significant negative effect on the advisor’s performance (think of updating performance to show 1Q20 to show the impact of COVID). It is important to keep in mind that the general focus of the SEC Marketing Rule is to ensure the presentation is “fair and balanced.” Part of ensuring the presentation is fair and balanced would be showing the most recent performance available regardless of whether it is favorable or unfavorable for your firm.
  • Future guidance is expected to be issued, as firms have expressed concerns around the difficulty of implementing this.

Portability – Requirements for presenting portable track records are materially the same between the SEC Marketing Rule and the GIPS Standards. However, the Marketing Rule indicates that if the main individual or team responsible for managing the strategy at the prior firm leaves the current firm, then the portable period can no longer be shown.

  • During the conference, there was discussion around possibly being able to continue presenting the portable track record of terminated decision-makers if knowledge of implementing the strategy has been sufficiently transferred to an individual or team at the current firm. A reasonable time-period for this transfer of knowledge could not be specified, as it would depend on the complexity of the strategy. For example, a quantitative strategy primarily managed with an algorithm would likely require less time than a more qualitative investment strategy.
  • The key point highlighted was that if firms are electing to present portable track records after key individual(s) are no longer with the current firm, it is important to clearly document this knowledge transfer in case presenting the portable track record is questioned by a regulator.

Conclusion

This year’s speakers did a great job of hitting on the most relevant industry topics and providing resources to add clarification regarding the 2020 GIPS standards.

While the past two virtual conferences have each been a success, we are excited about the possibility of the next conference being in person.

If you have any questions about the 2021 GIPS Virtual Conference topics or GIPS and performance in general, please contact us.

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If you’ve been around the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) long enough, you know that governance is one of those topics everyone agrees is important, but far fewer firms can clearly explain what good governance with the GIPS standards actually looks like day to day.

Most firms don’t fail at GIPS compliance because they misunderstand a technical requirement. They struggle because ownership is unclear, decisions are informal, or key knowledge lives in one person’s head. When that person leaves (or when the firm grows) things start to break.

So, let’s simplify this.

Below is a practical, real-world view of what good governance looks like when complying with the GIPS standards—not in theory, not in a policy document that no one reads, but in how well-run firms actually operate.

Start with the Right Mindset: Governance Is About Sustainability

At its core, GIPS compliance exists to answer one question:

Can this firm consistently calculate, maintain, and present performance fairly and accurately—regardless of growth, staff changes, or market stress?

The GIPS standards are built on the principles of fair representation and full disclosure, but governance is what turns those principles into repeatable behavior. Good governance doesn’t mean more paperwork or compliance headaches. It means clear accountability, documented decisions, and controls that actually get used.

1. Clear Ownership (It’s Rarely Just One Person)

One of the most common governance risks we see is a “GIPS compliance department of one” where critical knowledge, decisions, and processes are concentrated with a single individual. While this can work in the short term, it creates challenges around continuity, oversight, and scalability as the firm grows or changes.

Good governance starts by clearly defining:

  • Who owns GIPS compliance overall
  • Who performs monthly/quarterly/annual tasks
  • Who reviews and approves key inputs/outputs
  • Who resolves judgment calls
  • Who ensures it also complies with other relevant regulations  

In practice, this often looks like:

  • A GIPS compliance committee or designated governance group
  • Representation from performance, compliance, operations, and senior management
  • Defined escalation paths for gray areas (e.g., discretion, composite changes, error corrections)

When a firm isn’t large enough to support a formal committee, outsourcing to a GIPS compliance consultant or a provider of managed services can be an effective alternative. These individuals can help you design policies, create procedures, and essentially manage governance for you.

But even if you are big enough, having an independent third party on your GIPS compliance committee can provide an objective, well-informed perspective formed by experience across many firms and a deep understanding of what works well in practice.

2. Policies and Procedures That Reflect Reality

Every GIPS compliant firm has GIPS standards policies and procedures (GIPS standards P&P). Well-governed firms actually use them.

Strong GIPS compliance governance means your GIPS standards P&P:

  • Include procedures your firm actually follows instead of only stating policies
  • Reflect how performance is really calculated
  • Clearly document firm-specific elections and judgments
  • Are updated when the business changes (for new products, systems, asset classes)

 

Think of your GIPS standards P&P as the firm’s operating manual for performance, not a static compliance artifact. If someone new joined your performance team tomorrow, they should be able to follow your policies and procedures to calculate performance and arrive at the same results. If not, governance needs work.

3. Formalized Review and Oversight

Good governance includes independent review, even if it’s internal.

In practice, this often means:

  • Secondary review of composite membership decisions
  • Review of significant cash flow thresholds and discretion determinations
  • Approval of new composites and composite definition changes
  • Oversight of error identification and correction

 

This is where governance protects firms from subtle but costly mistakes, especially those that show up during verification and increase complexity and scope of these engagements. In an ideal situation, these internal reviews should catch issues before they become problems.

As a provider of managed services, Longs Peak helps firms identify performance outliers, accounts that are breaking composite rules, and other data anomalies. This review significantly reduces the risk of erroneous data ending up in your performance and later caught in verification. If you are not able to do this internally, we strongly recommend outsourcing this effort.

4. Governance Extends to Marketing and Distribution

One area that has been increasingly important is the intersection of GIPS compliance, the SEC marketing rule, and how you manage the distribution of marketing materials.

Well-governed firms:

  • Control who can distribute GIPS Reports and how they are distributed
  • Ensure Marketing understands what is and is not an advertisement that meets the requirements of the GIPS standards
  • Coordinate GIPS compliance requirements with broader regulatory rules, including the SEC marketing rule
  • Have a clear process for tracking distribution

 

This alignment helps firms avoid inconsistencies between factsheets, pitchbooks, and GIPS Reports—one of the fastest ways to lose credibility with prospects and regulators.

Some clients prefer not to mention GIPS compliance at all in their marketing (i.e., on their factsheets and pitchbooks) until a client is clearly interested in one of their strategies. Once they meet the definition of a prospect (as outlined in your GIPS standards P&P), it triggers the requirement to send a GIPS Report and they find this smaller list of prospects easier to maintain. For others, having everything in one document including required GIPS compliance information and disclosures is easier to manage than separate documents.

There is no “right” way to manage this, but in either case, having a clear process for tracking and reporting performance errors is key.

5. Documentation of Decisions (Not Just Results)

Here’s a subtle but critical point: Good governance for your GIPS compliance program documents decisions, not just outcomes.

Why was that composite redefined?
Why was this benchmark changed?

Why was this model fee selected?

Strong governance creates an audit trail that:

  • Supports sound reasoning (which aides in the verification process or even regulatory exams later on)
  • Reduces key person risk
  • Makes future reviews faster and less stressful

 

This is especially valuable when firms grow, merge, or experience turnover. Clear documentation allows others to step in seamlessly and continue critical functions without disruption. More importantly, it enables independent parties, such as a regulator or your verifier, to understand, assess, and validate how you are calculating and presenting performance that may not be immediately intuitive.

6. Governance Is Ongoing, Not a One-Time Project

The best-governed firms don’t “set and forget” their GIPS compliance program. They revisit governance when:

  • New strategies launch
  • Systems or custodians change
  • Regulations evolve
  • The firm’s structure changes

In other words, governance evolves with the business—because performance reporting doesn’t exist in a vacuum.

Even for firms that are not regularly launching new strategies, changing systems or structure, an annual review of your GIPS compliance program and governance framework is critical. This review helps confirm that practices have remained consistent, while also providing an opportunity to reflect on whether you are satisfied with your verifier, assess whether new regulations require updates, and reconsider how composites are managed or described.

The best time to do this is at year-end so that if you decide something should be changed, you can do that proactively for the upcoming year, rather than having to fix it retroactively.

What Good GIPS Compliance Governance Really Buys You

When GIPS compliance governance is working well, firms experience:

  • A structured, intentional process for validation of your performance results
  • A framework that supports consistency and transparency over time
  • Fewer surprises or last-minute scrambles during verification or regulatory review
  • Greater confidence from regulators and verifiers that you are following established policies and procedures
  • Lower operational and reputational risk

 

Most importantly, it creates trust internally and externally. Good GIPS compliance governance isn’t about being perfect. It’s about being intentional.

Clear ownership. Thoughtful documentation. Real oversight. Those are the firms that don’t just claim compliance, they live it.

Why “Net” Is Not a One-Size-Fits-All Answer

If you’ve worked in the investment industry, you’ve probably heard some version of this question:

“Should we show net or gross performance—or both?”

On the surface, the answer seems straight forward. The rules tell us what’s required. Compliance boxes get checked. End of story.

But in practice, presenting net and gross performance is rarely that simple.

How you calculate it, how you present it, and how you disclose it can materially change how investors interpret your results. This article goes beyond the rulebook to explore thepractical considerations firms face when deciding how to present net and gross returns in a manner that is clear, helpful, and in compliance with requirements.

Let’s Start with the Basics (Briefly)

At a high level, for separate account strategies:

  • Gross performance reflects returns before investment management fees
  • Net performance reflects returns after investment management fees have been deducted

Both gross and net performance are typically net of transaction costs, but gross of administrative fees and expenses. When dealing with pooled funds, net performance is also reduced by administrative fees and expenses, but here we are focused on separate account strategies, typically marketed as composite performance.

Simple enough. But that definition alone doesn’t tell the full story—and it’s where many misunderstandings begin.

Why Net Performance Is the Investor’s Reality

From an investor’s perspective, net performance is what actually matters. It represents the return they keep after paying the manager for active management.

That’s why modern regulations and best practices increasingly emphasize net returns. Investors don’t experience gross returns. They experience net outcomes.

And let’s be honest: if an investor chooses an active manager instead of a low-cost index fund or ETF tracking the same benchmark, the expectation is that the active approach should deliver something extra—after fees. Otherwise, it becomes difficult to justify paying for that active management.

Why Gross Performance Still Has a Role

If net returns are what investors actually receive, why do firms still talk about gross performance at all?

Because gross performance tells a different, but complementary, story: what the strategy is capable of before fees, and what investors are paying for that capability.

The gap between gross and net returns represents the cost of active management. Put differently, it answers a question investors are implicitly asking:

How much return am I giving up in exchange for this manager’s expertise?

Viewed this way, gross returns help investors assess:

  • Whether the strategy is adding value before fees
  • How much of the performance is driven by skill: security selection, asset allocation or portfolio construction
  • Whether fees are the primary drag—or whether the strategy itself is struggling

When gross and net returns are shown together, they create transparency around both skill and cost. When shown without context, they can easily obscure the economic tradeoff.

Gross-of-fee returns are also most important when marketing to institutional investors that have the power to negotiate the fee they will pay and know that they will likely pay a fee lower than most of your clients have paid in the past. Their detailed analysis can more accurately be done starting with your gross-of-fee returns and adjusting for the fee they expect to negotiate rather than using net-of-fee returns that have been charged historically.

The Real-World Gray Areas Firms Struggle With

How to Present Gross Returns

Gross returns are pretty straightforward. They are typically calculated before investment management or advisory fees and usually include transaction costs such as commissions and spreads.

For firms that comply with the GIPS® Standards, things can get more nuanced—particularly for bundled fee arrangements. In those cases, firms must make reasonable allocations to separate transaction costs from the bundled fee. But, if that separation cannot be done reliably, gross returns must be shown after removing the entire bundled fee. [1]

Once you move from gross to net returns, however, the conversation becomes less straightforward. We’ve had managers question, “why show net performance at all?” This is especially the case when fees vary across clients or historical fees no longer reflect what an investor would pay today. Others complain that the “benchmark isn’t net-of-fees,” making net-of-fee comparisons inherently imperfect. These concerns highlight why presenting net returns isn’t just a mechanical exercise. In the sections that follow, we’ll unpack these challenges and walk through how to present net-of-fee performance in a way that remains meaningful, transparent, and fit for its intended audience.

How to Present Net Returns

This is where judgment and documentation matters most.

Not all “net” returns are created equal. Even under the SEC Marketing Rule, there is no single mandated definition of net performance—only a requirement that net performance be presented. Under the GIPS Standards, net-of-fee returns must be reduced by investment management fees.

In practice, firms may deduct:

  • Advisory fees (asset-based investment management fees)
  • Performance-based fees
  • Custody fees
  • Transaction costs

Two net-return series can look comparable on the surface while reflecting very different assumptions underneath. This lack of transparency is one of the main reasons institutional investors often require managers to be GIPS compliant—it simplifies comparison by requiring consistency in the assumptions used and how they are presented or additional disclosure when more fees are included in the calculation than what is required.

And context matters. A higher fee may be perfectly reasonable if it reflects broader services such as tax or financial planning, holistic portfolio construction, or access to specialized strategies. The problem isn’t the fee itself, it’s failing to use a fee scenario that is relevant to the user of the report.

Deciding Between Actual vs Model Fees

The next hurdle is deciding whether to use actual fees or a model fee when calculating net returns. Historically, firms most often relied on actual fees, viewing them as the best representation of what clients actually experienced. But that approach raises an important question: are those historical fees still relevant to what an investor would pay today? If the answer is no, a model fee may provide a more representative picture of current expected outcomes. Under the SEC marketing rule, there are cases where firms are required to use a model fee when the anticipated fee is higher than actual fees charged.

This consideration becomes even more important for strategies or composites that include accounts paying little or no fee at all. While the GIPS Standards and the SEC Marketing Rule are not perfectly aligned on this topic, they agree in principle—net performance should be meaningful, not misleading, and should reflect what an actual fee-paying investor should reasonably expect to pay. Thus, many firms opt to present model fee performance to avoid violating the marketing rule’s general prohibitions. [2]

Additional SEC guidance published on Jan 15, 2026 on the Use of Model Fees reinforced that the decision to use model vs actual fees is context-dependent. While the marketing rule allows net performance to be calculated using either actual or model fees, there are cases where the use of actual fees may be misleading. The SEC emphasized flexibility and that while both fee types are allowed, what’s appropriate depends on the facts and circumstances of the situation, including the clarity of disclosures and how fee assumptions are explained.

Which Model Fee Should Be Used?

Most firms offer multiple fee structures, typically based on account size, but sometimes also on investor type (institutional versus retail clients). That variability makes fee selection a key decision when presenting net performance.

If you plan to use a single performance document for broad or mass marketing, best practice—and what the SEC Marketing Rule effectively requires—is to calculate net returns using the highest anticipated fee that could reasonably apply to the intended audience. This helps ensure the presentation is not misleading by overstating what an investor might take home.

A common pushback is: “But the highest fee isn’t relevant to this type of investor.” And that may be true. In those cases, firms have a few defensible options:

  • Create separate versions of the presentation tailored to different investor types, or
  • Present multiple fee tiers within the same document, clearly explaining what each tier represents

Either approach can work—but only if disclosures are explicit and easy to understand. When multiple fee structures are shown, clarity isn’t optional; it’s essential.

In practice, many firms maintain separate retail and institutional versions of factsheets or pitchbooks. That approach is perfectly reasonable, but it comes with operational risk. If this becomes standard practice, firms need strong internal controls to ensure the right presentation reaches the right audience. That means:

  • Clear internal policies
  • Consistent naming and version control
  • Training marketing and sales teams on when each version may be used

This often involves an overlap of both marketing and compliance to get it right because getting the fee right is only part of the equation. Making sure the presentation is used appropriately is just as important to ensuring net performance remains meaningful, compliant, and credible.

Which Statistics Can Be Shown Gross-of-Fees?

Since the introduction of the SEC Marketing Rule, there has been significant debate about whether all statistics must be presented net-of-fees—or whether certain metrics can still be shown gross-of-fees. Helpful clarity arrived in an SEC FAQ released on March 19, 2025, which confirmed that not all portfolio characteristics need to be presented net-of-fees. The examples cited included risk statistics such as the Sharpe and Sortino ratios, attribution results, and similar metrics that are often calculated gross-of-fees to avoid the “noise” introduced by fee deductions.

The staff acknowledged that presenting some of these characteristics net-of-fees may be impractical or even misleading. As long as firms prominently present the portfolio’s total gross and net performance incompliance with the rule (i.e., prescribed time periods 1, 5, 10 years),clearly label these characteristics as gross, and explain how they are calculated, the SEC indicated it would generally not recommend enforcement action.

Bringing it all Together

On paper, presenting net and gross performance should be a straight forward exercise.

In reality, layers of regulation, evolving expectations, and heightened scrutiny have made it feel far more complicated than it needs to be. But complexity doesn’t have to lead to confusion.

When firms are clear about:

  • Who they are communicating with,
  • What that audience expects,
  • What the performance is intended to represent, and
  • Why certain assumptions were chosen

…the decisions around what gets presented become far more manageable.

Net returns aren’t about finding a single “correct” number. They’re about telling an honest, well-documented story. And when that story is clear, investors don’t just understand the performance—they trust it.

[1] 2020 GIPS® Standards for Firms, Section 2: Input Data and Calculation Methodology(gross-of-fees returns and treatment of transaction costs, including bundled fees).

[2] See SEC Marketing Rule 2 026(4)-1(a) footnote 590 as well as the SEC updated FAQ from January 15, 2026. Available at: https://www.sec.gov/rules-regulations/staff-guidance/division-investment-management-frequently-asked-questions/marketing-compliance-frequently-asked-questions

In most investment firms, performance calculation is treated like a math problem: get the numbers right, double-check the formulas, and move on. And to be clear—that part matters. A lot.

But here’s the truth many firms eventually discover: perfectly calculated performance can still be poorly communicated.

And when that happens, clients don’t gain confidence. Consultants don’t “get” the strategy. Prospects walk away unconvinced. Not because the returns were wrong—but because the story was missing.

Calculation Is Technical. Communication Is Human.

Performance calculation is about precision. Performance communication is about understanding.

The two overlap, but they are not the same skill set.

You can calculate a composite’s time-weighted return flawlessly, in line with the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®), using best-in-class methodologies. Yet if the only thing your audience walks away with is “we beat the benchmark,” you’ve left most of the value on the table.

This gap shows up all the time:

  • A client sees strong long-term returns but fixates on one bad quarter.
  • A consultant compares two managers with similar returns and can’t tell what truly differentiates them.
  • A prospect asks, “But how did you generate these results?”—and the answer is a wall of statistics.

The math is necessary. It’s just not sufficient.

Returns Answer What. Clients Care About Why.

Returns tell us what happened. Clients want to know why it happened—and whether it’s likely to happen again.

That’s where communication comes in. Good performance communication connects returns to:

  • The investment philosophy
  • The decision-making process
  • The risks taken (and avoided)
  • The type of prospect the strategy is designed for

This is exactly why performance evaluation doesn’t stop at returns in the CFA Institute’s CIPM curriculum. Measurement, attribution, and appraisal are distinct steps fora reason—each adds context that raw performance alone cannot provide. Without that context, returns become just numbers on a page.

The Role of Standards: Necessary, Not Narrative

The GIPS Standards exist to ensure performance is fairly represented and fully disclosed. They do an excellent job of standardizing how performance is calculated and what must be presented. But GIPS compliance doesn’t automatically make performance meaningful to the reader.

A GIPS Report answers questions like:

  • What was the annual return of the composite?
  • What was the annual return of the composite’s benchmark?
  • How volatile was the strategy compared to the benchmark?

It does not answer:

  • Why did this strategy struggle in down markets?
  • What risks did the manager consciously take?
  • How should an allocator think about using this strategy in a broader portfolio?

That’s not a flaw in the standards, it’s a reminder that communication sits on top of compliance, not inside it.

Risk Statistics: Where Stories Start (or Die)

One of the most common communication missteps is overloading clients with risk statistics without explaining what they actually mean or how they can be used to assess the active decisions made in your investment process.

Sharpe ratios, capture ratios, alpha, beta—they’re powerful information. But without interpretation, they’re just numbers.

For example:

  • A downside capture ratio below 100% isn’t impressive on its own.
  • It becomes compelling when you explain how intentionally implemented downside protection was achieved and what trade-offs were accepted in strong up-markets.

This is where performance communication turns data into insight—connecting risk statistics back to portfolio construction and decision-making. Too often, managers select statistics because they look good or because they’ve seen them used elsewhere, rather than because they align with their investment process and demonstrate how their active decisions add value. The most effective communicators use risk statistics intentionally, in the context of what they are trying to deliver to the investor.

We often see firms change the statistics show Your most powerful story may come from when your statistics show you’ve missed the mark. Explaining why and how you are correcting course demonstrates discipline, self-awareness and control.

Know Your Audience Before You Tell the Story

Before you dive into risk statistics, every manager should be asking themselves about their audience. This is where performance communication becomes strategic. Who are you actually talking to? The right performance story depends entirely on your target audience.

Institutional Prospects

Institutional clients and consultants often expect:

  • Detailed risk statistics
  • Benchmark-relative analysis
  • Attribution and metrics that demonstrate consistency
  • Clear articulation of where the strategy fits in a portfolio

They want to understand process, discipline, and risk control. Performance data must be presented with precision and context –grounded in methodology, repeatability and portfolio role. Often, GIPS compliance is a must. Speaking their language builds credibility and demonstrates that you respect the rigor of their decision-making process. It shows that you understand how they evaluate managers and that you are prepared to stand behind your process.

Retail or High-Net-Worth Individuals

Many individual investors don’t care about alpha or capture ratios in isolation. What they really want to know is:

  • Will this help me retire comfortably?
  • Can I afford that second home?
  • How confident should I feel during market downturns?

For this audience, the same performance data must be framed differently—around goals, outcomes, and peace of mind. Sharing how you track and report on these goals in your communication goes a long way in building trust. It signals that you are committed to their goals and will hold yourself accountable to them.  It reassures them that you are not just managing money, you’re protecting the lifestyle they are building.

Keep in mind that cultural differences also shape expectations. For example, US-based investors are primarily results oriented, while investors in Japan often expect deeper transparency into the process and inputs, wanting to understand and validate how those results were achieved.

Same Numbers. Different Story.

The mistake many firms make is assuming one performance narrative works for everyone. It doesn’t. Effective communication adapts:

  • The statistics you emphasize
  • The language you use
  • The level of detail you provide
  • The context you wrap around the results

The goal isn’t to simplify the truth, it’s to translate it to ensure it resonates with the person on the other side of the table.

The Best Performance Reports Tell a Coherent Story

Strong performance communication does three things well:

  1. It sets expectations
    Before showing numbers, it reminds the reader what the strategy is     designed to do—and just as importantly, what it’s not designed to     do.
  2. It     explains outcomes
        Attribution, risk metrics, and market context are used selectively to     explain results, not overwhelm the reader.
  3. It reinforces discipline
    Good communication shows consistency between philosophy, process, and performance—especially during periods of underperformance.

This doesn’t mean dumbing anything down. It means respecting the audience enough to guide them through the data.

Calculation Builds Credibility. Communication Builds Confidence.

Performance calculation earns you a seat at the table.
Performance communication earns trust.

Firms that master both don’t just report results—they help clients understand them, evaluate them, and believe in them.

In an industry where numbers are everywhere, clarity is often the true differentiator.