Are ETFs A Better Benchmark?

Jocelyn Gilligan, CFA, CIPM
Partner
June 28, 2024
15 min
Are ETFs A Better Benchmark?

Using Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) as benchmarks instead of traditional indices has become a common practice among investors and fund managers. ETFs offer practical advantages, such as reflecting real-world trading costs, and incorporating management fees and tax considerations. These aspects make ETFs a more accurate and accessible benchmark as they are an actual investible alternative to the strategy being assessed.

However, this approach is not without its drawbacks. Understanding both the advantages and disadvantages of using ETFs as benchmarks is crucial for making informed investment decisions and ensuring accurate performance comparisons.

This article discusses the pros and cons of using an ETF as a benchmark and considerations for making an informed decision on how to go about selecting one that is meaningful.

The Advantages:

Using an ETF as a benchmark rather than the underlying index has several advantages. These include:

Cost:

The decision to use an ETF rather than an actual index as a benchmark often stems from the costs associated with using index performance data. While index providers typically charge licensing fees for access to their indices, these fees can be cost-prohibitive for some firms, especially smaller ones, or those with limited resources.

ETFs offer a more accessible and cost-effective alternative, as they provide readily available, real-time performance data and can be traded easily on stock exchanges and accessed by anyone. By using an ETF as a benchmark, firms can circumvent the barriers to entry associated with marketing index performance directly, allowing them to still compare performance against a relevant benchmark.

Practical Investment Comparison:

ETFs represent actual investment vehicles that investors can buy and sell, thus providing a more practical and realistic performance comparison. Indices, on the other hand, are theoretical constructs that do not account for real-world trading costs, whereas ETFs do. Additionally, ETFs are traded on stock exchanges and can be bought and sold throughout the trading day at market prices, unlike indices which cannot be directly traded.

Incorporation of Costs:

ETFs include trading and management expenses and other costs associated with managing the pool of securities. When using an ETF as a benchmark, you get a more accurate reflection of the net returns an investor would actually receive after these costs. In addition, ETF performance considers the costs of buying and selling the underlying assets, including bid-ask spreads and any market impact, which indices do not.

Dividend Reinvestment:

ETFs may account for the reinvestment of dividends, providing a more accurate measure of total return. Indices often do not factor in the practical aspects of dividend reinvestment, such as timing delays, transaction costs, and tax implications, leading to a potentially less realistic depiction of investment returns.

Tax Considerations:

ETFs may have different tax treatments and efficiencies compared to the theoretical index performance. Using an ETF as a benchmark will reflect these considerations, providing a potentially more relevant comparison for taxable investors.

Replication and Tracking Error:

ETFs can exhibit tracking error, which is the deviation of the ETF's performance from the index it seeks to replicate. While tracking error may be perceived as a limitation, it also reflects the real-world challenges and frictions involved in managing an investment portfolio. Thus, using an ETF as a benchmark encompasses this aspect of real-world performance—which acknowledges the practical complexities of investing and serves to enhance transparency and accountability in investment decision making.

Transparency and Real-time Data:

ETFs provide real-time pricing information throughout trading hours, allowing investors to monitor and compare performance continuously as market conditions fluctuate. This real-time data enables more informed and timely decision-making, as investors can react instantly to market events, manage risks more effectively, and capitalize on opportunities as they arise.

Advantages Summary

In summary, using an ETF as a benchmark provides a less-costly, more realistic, practical, and accurate measure of investment performance that includes real-world considerations like costs, liquidity, tax implications, and dividend reinvestment, which are not fully captured by indices. ETFs are a true investable alternative, while indexes are not directly investible.

The Disadvantages:

While using an ETF as a benchmark has several advantages, there are also some potential drawbacks to consider:

Downside of Tracking Error:

ETFs may not perfectly track their underlying indices due to various factors such as imperfect replication methods, sampling techniques, and management decisions. This tracking error can result from differences in timing, costs, and portfolio composition between the ETF and its benchmark index.

This deviation can lead to discrepancies when comparing the ETF's performance to the actual index and can affect investors' expectations, portfolio management decisions, and performance evaluations. Thus, it is prudent to evaluate and monitor tracking error of ETFs when they are used as a benchmark.

Tracking Method: Full Replication vs. Sampling

ETFs employ different replication strategies to track their underlying indices, with some opting for full replication, while others utilize sampling techniques. These differences can lead to varying levels of tracking error and performance differences from the underlying index.

Full replication involves holding all of the securities in the index in the same proportions as they are weighted in the index, aiming to closely mirror its performance. In contrast, sampling techniques involve holding a representative subset of securities that capture the overall characteristics of the index.

While full replication theoretically offers the closest tracking to the index, it can be more costly and logistically challenging, especially for indices with a large number of securities. Sampling, while potentially more cost-effective and manageable, introduces the risk of tracking error, as the subset of securities may not perfectly reflect the index's performance.

Non-Comparable Expense Ratios:

ETFs incur management fees, which reduce returns over time. While these fees are part of the real-world costs, they can make the ETF's performance look worse compared to the theoretical performance of the index, especially when compounded over time. This may be problematic when using an ETF as a comparison tool (think expense ratios dragging down ETF benchmark performance thus making the strategy appear to have performed better than it would have against the actual index). This has the potential to influence investment decisions and performance evaluations. To address this concern, the GIPS Standards now require firms that use an ETF as a benchmark to disclose the ETF’s expense ratio.

Many active managers might argue that it’s “unfair” that the SEC requires them to compare net returns against an index that has no fees or expenses. However, if the strategy’s goal is to beat the index with active management, the manager should be doing this even after fees, otherwise passive investing (with lower fees) is a better option.

Liquidity Constraints:

Some ETFs may suffer from lower liquidity, leading to wider bid-ask spreads and higher trading costs, especially for large transactions. This can affect the ETF's performance and make it less ideal as a benchmark.

Selection Dilemma

Multiple ETFs may track the same index, each with different structures, expense ratios, and tracking accuracy (e.g., check out the differences between SPY, IVV, VOO, SPLG). As a result, choosing the most appropriate ETF as a benchmark should involve consideration of factors such as cost-effectiveness, liquidity, tracking error, and the strategy’s specific investment objectives. As a result, some due diligence should be done to ensure that the selected ETF aligns closely with the desired index and makes sense for the investment strategy.

Some firms have made it a habit to mix the use of different ETFs in factsheets, often because their data sources lack all the data needed for one ETF. While it may seem like it’s all the same, for many of the reasons discussed in this post, not all ETFs are created equal. We do not recommend mixing benchmarks, even when using actual indices (e.g., comparing performance returns to the Russell 1000 Growth, but then showing other statistics like sectors compared to the S&P 500). Similarly, we wouldn’t recommend doing that with ETFs either (e.g., comparing performance returns to IVV but using sector information from SPY). Mixing benchmark information in factsheets is messy and likely to be questioned by regulators, especially when doing so makes strategy performance look better.

Regulatory and Structural Issues:

ETFs are subject to evolving regulatory oversight that might affect their operations, costs and performance as benchmarks. This is not the case for indices.

In addition, the structural differences between ETFs, particularly regarding whether they are physically backed or use synthetic replication through derivatives, can significantly impact their risk profile and performance relative to their underlying indices.

Physically backed ETFs typically hold the actual securities that comprise the index they track, aiming to replicate its performance as closely as possible. In contrast, synthetic ETFs use derivatives, such as swaps, to replicate the index's returns without owning the underlying assets directly. While synthetic replication can offer cost and operational advantages, it also introduces counterparty risk, as the ETF relies on the financial stability of the swap provider.

As a result, it’s best to consider the structure of the ETF before using it as a benchmark.

Market Influences:

ETFs can trade at prices above (premium) or below (discount) their net asset value (NAV), which can introduce short-term performance differences that are not reflective of the underlying index performance.

These premiums and discounts arise due to supply and demand dynamics in the market, as well as factors such as investor sentiment, liquidity, and trading volume. These fluctuations can affect the ETF's reported returns and introduce discrepancies when comparing its performance to the benchmark index. Therefore, investors must consider the impact of these premiums and discounts on the ETF's short-term performance and recognize that these variances may not accurately represent the true performance of the underlying index.

When material differences in price vs. NAV exist, some firms believe that the NAV is a better representation of the fair value rather than the price and have used NAV for performance calculations. Please note that when this is done, it is important to document how fair value is determined and if the performance is based on the change in NAV or change in trading price.

Currency Risk:

Investors utilizing ETFs tracking international indices face the added complexity of currency fluctuations, which can significantly influence the ETF's performance. When investing in foreign ETFs, investors are exposed to currency risk, as fluctuations in exchange rates between the ETF's base currency and the currencies of the underlying index's constituents can impact returns. Currency movements can either enhance or detract from the ETF's performance, depending on whether the base currency strengthens or weakens relative to the underlying currencies.

Consequently, currency risk should be considered when using international ETFs as benchmarks.

Dividend Handling:

The handling of dividends by ETFs, whether they are paid out to investors or reinvested back into the fund, can have a notable impact on their total return compared to the index they track. Indices typically assume continuous reinvestment of dividends without considering real-world frictions such as transaction costs or timing delays associated with reinvestment. In contrast, ETFs may adopt different dividend distribution policies based on investor preferences and fund objectives.

ETFs that reinvest dividends back into the fund can potentially enhance their total return over time by capitalizing on the power of compounding. However, this approach may result in tracking errors if the reinvestment process incurs costs or timing discrepancies that deviate from the index's assumed reinvestment.

ETFs that distribute dividends to investors as cash payments may offer more immediate income but could lag behind the index's total return if investors do not reinvest these dividends efficiently. Therefore, the dividend handling policy adopted by an ETF can significantly influence its performance relative to the index and should be carefully considered.

Lack of Historical Data:

Some ETFs, especially newer ones, may not have a long track record. This can make historical performance comparisons less reliable or comprehensive. Without an extensive performance history, sufficient data may be lacking to assess an ETF's performance across various market conditions and economic cycles, making it challenging to gauge its potential risks and returns accurately.

Strategies that existed long before an ETF was created to track the comparable index, may end up with timing differences. Many firms often need to use multiple benchmarks to cover the entire period. But, for some strategies that go way back, an ETF may not exist back to inception. Be sure to include rationale in your documentation for benchmark selection so that it is clear when and why a benchmark was selected for the given time periods.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, using ETFs as benchmarks offers practical benefits, potentially making them a more accurate and accessible measure of investment performance compared to traditional indices since they are an actual investable alternative to hiring an active manager. However, these benefits do not come without shortcomings. By carefully evaluating these factors and considering the specifics of the ETFs selected for each strategy, managers can effectively use ETFs as benchmarks to assess and monitor investment strategies. In understanding these factors, an ETF may actually be a better comparison tool for your strategy than the underlying index.

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Mission-driven institutions are entrusted with something larger than capital. They are entrusted with purpose.

Endowments, foundations, and long-term investment pools exist to support education, healthcare, research, environmental initiatives, religious or cultural programs, community development, and countless other causes—often for generations.

That long-term horizon changes how investment performance should be reported. Because when an institution thinks in decades instead of quarters, investment performance is not just about what happened recently, itis about whether the portfolio is structured to sustain spending, preserve purchasing power, and remain aligned with its mission through full market cycles.

Many institutions rely entirely on their investment managers to calculate and present investment performance. That’s common, but it’s not always sufficient.

Performance Oversight Is Not the Same as Performance Results

Investment managers are responsible for generating returns. Boards and oversight committees are responsible for evaluating those results.

Those responsibilities are distinct.

Oversight is a fiduciary duty. It is not passive, and it cannot rely solely on the information created by the party being evaluated. Effective oversight requires independence, consistency, and clarity.

When the same party both manages assets and determines how performance is calculated and presented, the lines between management and oversight can blur—even when intentions are sound and calculations are technically accurate.

In some situations, reporting may not be:

  • Consistent across managers
  • Based on uniform calculation methodologies
  • Presented in a format designed for governance review
  • Structured to facilitate long-term policy evaluation

Consider a board reviewing results from three different managers. Each reports strong performance, but one calculates returns net-of-fees, another presents gross results, and a third uses slightly different valuation timing.

At first glance, the numbers appear comparable. In reality, they may not be measuring the same thing.

Some larger institutions maintain internal performance teams or engage independent performance professionals to standardize reporting, organize data across managers, and present results in accordance with established best practices—often aligning reporting with their Investment Policy Statement and/or recognized frameworks such as the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS® standards).

But many of these organizations operate lean. They may not have dedicated performance measurement expertise or the infrastructure required to consolidate, normalize, and present results in a governance-ready format.

In those cases, boards are often reviewing manager-produced materials that were designed primarily for client communication—not institutional oversight. Performance reporting for these institutions should be designed to serve the governing body—not simply to showcase results.

Why This Matters for Mission-Based Institutions

Boards of endowments and foundations are often composed of dedicated volunteers, philanthropists, community leaders, and subject-matter experts. They bring vision, experience, and commitment to the institution’s mission—but not always a deep understanding of investment management and reporting.

That makes investment performance clarity essential. When reporting is unclear, oversight weakens—not because trustees lack commitment, but because the information is not presented in a way that supports meaningful evaluation.

When reporting is structured and tied directly to policy benchmarks, risk parameters, and spending objectives, trustees know what questions to ask. Conversations remain focused on long-term sustainability and mission impact.

A Practical Framework for Strong Performance Reporting

Boards of mission-driven institutions are often operating at the governance-level and should evaluate their reporting structure against four questions:

1. Is performance calculated independently?

Independent calculation or oversight reduces potential conflicts and strengthens fiduciary governance. In institutional investing, separating portfolio management from performance oversight is widely viewed as a best practice.

2. Is the methodology consistent across managers?

Multi-manager portfolios require uniform return calculation, fee treatment, and valuation policies to ensure comparability. Without consistency, “relative performance” becomes difficult to interpret.

One practical way institutions address this challenge is by complying with and requiring their managers to comply with the GIPS® standards.

The GIPS standards are a globally recognized framework administered by CFA Institute designed to promote fair representation and full disclosure in the calculation and presentation of investment performance.

Endowments and foundations that adopt the GIPS standards for their own performance calculations—and require the same of the managers they hire—send a powerful message to their boards and stakeholders that the institution is committed to transparency in how results are calculated and presented.  

3. Is reporting aligned with policy benchmarks?

Boards should see performance relative to long-term policy objectives, not just absolute returns. And this information should be shown at the level at which it is managed. Simply reporting that “the portfolio returned 8%” does not answer the real governance question.

A portfolio can have a positive year and still fail to meet its strategic role within the overall allocation.

For example:

  • Did the equity allocation meet its return objective relative to its benchmark?
  • Did the diversifying strategies provide the downside protection they were intended to deliver?
  • Did fixed income serve its role as a stabilizer?
  • Did alternative investments justify their complexity and liquidity constraints?

Even if the overall portfolio met its expected return, boards should understand how it got there. Reviewing performance by allocation allows boards to evaluate whether each segment is fulfilling its mandate, not just whether the total return looks acceptable.

When reported this way, it becomes easier to see where the portfolio is meeting expectations and where it may be falling short.

4. Is communication designed for governance?

Once performance is aligned to policy benchmarks, reporting should help trustees interpret what the results mean without requiring them to operate at the manager or security-selection level.

Reports should help answer key questions:

·        Are we meeting long-term objectives?

·        How are managers performing relative to their mandates?

·        Is risk aligned with the investment policy?

·        Are we preserving capital appropriately given our spending needs?

·        Did managers follow investment guidelines that align with our institution’s mission?

If any of these areas underperform, governance-level reporting should prompt clear, high-level discussion: Why did this occur? Was the result consistent with expectations? What steps, if any, are being considered to address issues going forward? If shortfalls persist, boards may need to evaluate whether the strategy or manager remains appropriate.

This kind of oversight strengthens outcomes by reinforcing accountability. Performance reporting should be communicated in plain language and simplify complex data into clear actionable insight. When this occurs, it enables boards to move from procedural review toward informed, effective governance.

From Calculation to Communication

Accurate returns are the starting point. Clear communicationis the outcome.

When performance calculation, oversight, and presentation are thoughtfully structured, board discussions become more strategic and less reactive. Boards gain confidence in their oversight, managers operate within clearer expectations, and the institution stays focused on its purpose.

A Closing Thought

Mission-driven institutions think in decades, not quarters. Their performance reporting should reflect that same discipline. Investment oversight is not just about generating returns, it is about ensuring those returns are measured, understood, and aligned with the institution’s long-term purpose.

Clear reporting strengthens governance.
Strong governance protects sustainability.
And sustainability protects the mission.

If you’ve been around the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS®) long enough, you know that governance is one of those topics everyone agrees is important, but far fewer firms can clearly explain what good governance with the GIPS standards actually looks like day to day.

Most firms don’t fail at GIPS compliance because they misunderstand a technical requirement. They struggle because ownership is unclear, decisions are informal, or key knowledge lives in one person’s head. When that person leaves (or when the firm grows) things start to break.

So, let’s simplify this.

Below is a practical, real-world view of what good governance looks like when complying with the GIPS standards—not in theory, not in a policy document that no one reads, but in how well-run firms actually operate.

Start with the Right Mindset: Governance Is About Sustainability

At its core, GIPS compliance exists to answer one question:

Can this firm consistently calculate, maintain, and present performance fairly and accurately—regardless of growth, staff changes, or market stress?

The GIPS standards are built on the principles of fair representation and full disclosure, but governance is what turns those principles into repeatable behavior. Good governance doesn’t mean more paperwork or compliance headaches. It means clear accountability, documented decisions, and controls that actually get used.

1. Clear Ownership (It’s Rarely Just One Person)

One of the most common governance risks we see is a “GIPS compliance department of one” where critical knowledge, decisions, and processes are concentrated with a single individual. While this can work in the short term, it creates challenges around continuity, oversight, and scalability as the firm grows or changes.

Good governance starts by clearly defining:

  • Who owns GIPS compliance overall
  • Who performs monthly/quarterly/annual tasks
  • Who reviews and approves key inputs/outputs
  • Who resolves judgment calls
  • Who ensures it also complies with other relevant regulations  

In practice, this often looks like:

  • A GIPS compliance committee or designated governance group
  • Representation from performance, compliance, operations, and senior management
  • Defined escalation paths for gray areas (e.g., discretion, composite changes, error corrections)

When a firm isn’t large enough to support a formal committee, outsourcing to a GIPS compliance consultant or a provider of managed services can be an effective alternative. These individuals can help you design policies, create procedures, and essentially manage governance for you.

But even if you are big enough, having an independent third party on your GIPS compliance committee can provide an objective, well-informed perspective formed by experience across many firms and a deep understanding of what works well in practice.

2. Policies and Procedures That Reflect Reality

Every GIPS compliant firm has GIPS standards policies and procedures (GIPS standards P&P). Well-governed firms actually use them.

Strong GIPS compliance governance means your GIPS standards P&P:

  • Include procedures your firm actually follows instead of only stating policies
  • Reflect how performance is really calculated
  • Clearly document firm-specific elections and judgments
  • Are updated when the business changes (for new products, systems, asset classes)

 

Think of your GIPS standards P&P as the firm’s operating manual for performance, not a static compliance artifact. If someone new joined your performance team tomorrow, they should be able to follow your policies and procedures to calculate performance and arrive at the same results. If not, governance needs work.

3. Formalized Review and Oversight

Good governance includes independent review, even if it’s internal.

In practice, this often means:

  • Secondary review of composite membership decisions
  • Review of significant cash flow thresholds and discretion determinations
  • Approval of new composites and composite definition changes
  • Oversight of error identification and correction

 

This is where governance protects firms from subtle but costly mistakes, especially those that show up during verification and increase complexity and scope of these engagements. In an ideal situation, these internal reviews should catch issues before they become problems.

As a provider of managed services, Longs Peak helps firms identify performance outliers, accounts that are breaking composite rules, and other data anomalies. This review significantly reduces the risk of erroneous data ending up in your performance and later caught in verification. If you are not able to do this internally, we strongly recommend outsourcing this effort.

4. Governance Extends to Marketing and Distribution

One area that has been increasingly important is the intersection of GIPS compliance, the SEC marketing rule, and how you manage the distribution of marketing materials.

Well-governed firms:

  • Control who can distribute GIPS Reports and how they are distributed
  • Ensure Marketing understands what is and is not an advertisement that meets the requirements of the GIPS standards
  • Coordinate GIPS compliance requirements with broader regulatory rules, including the SEC marketing rule
  • Have a clear process for tracking distribution

 

This alignment helps firms avoid inconsistencies between factsheets, pitchbooks, and GIPS Reports—one of the fastest ways to lose credibility with prospects and regulators.

Some clients prefer not to mention GIPS compliance at all in their marketing (i.e., on their factsheets and pitchbooks) until a client is clearly interested in one of their strategies. Once they meet the definition of a prospect (as outlined in your GIPS standards P&P), it triggers the requirement to send a GIPS Report and they find this smaller list of prospects easier to maintain. For others, having everything in one document including required GIPS compliance information and disclosures is easier to manage than separate documents.

There is no “right” way to manage this, but in either case, having a clear process for tracking and reporting performance errors is key.

5. Documentation of Decisions (Not Just Results)

Here’s a subtle but critical point: Good governance for your GIPS compliance program documents decisions, not just outcomes.

Why was that composite redefined?
Why was this benchmark changed?

Why was this model fee selected?

Strong governance creates an audit trail that:

  • Supports sound reasoning (which aides in the verification process or even regulatory exams later on)
  • Reduces key person risk
  • Makes future reviews faster and less stressful

 

This is especially valuable when firms grow, merge, or experience turnover. Clear documentation allows others to step in seamlessly and continue critical functions without disruption. More importantly, it enables independent parties, such as a regulator or your verifier, to understand, assess, and validate how you are calculating and presenting performance that may not be immediately intuitive.

6. Governance Is Ongoing, Not a One-Time Project

The best-governed firms don’t “set and forget” their GIPS compliance program. They revisit governance when:

  • New strategies launch
  • Systems or custodians change
  • Regulations evolve
  • The firm’s structure changes

In other words, governance evolves with the business—because performance reporting doesn’t exist in a vacuum.

Even for firms that are not regularly launching new strategies, changing systems or structure, an annual review of your GIPS compliance program and governance framework is critical. This review helps confirm that practices have remained consistent, while also providing an opportunity to reflect on whether you are satisfied with your verifier, assess whether new regulations require updates, and reconsider how composites are managed or described.

The best time to do this is at year-end so that if you decide something should be changed, you can do that proactively for the upcoming year, rather than having to fix it retroactively.

What Good GIPS Compliance Governance Really Buys You

When GIPS compliance governance is working well, firms experience:

  • A structured, intentional process for validation of your performance results
  • A framework that supports consistency and transparency over time
  • Fewer surprises or last-minute scrambles during verification or regulatory review
  • Greater confidence from regulators and verifiers that you are following established policies and procedures
  • Lower operational and reputational risk

 

Most importantly, it creates trust internally and externally. Good GIPS compliance governance isn’t about being perfect. It’s about being intentional.

Clear ownership. Thoughtful documentation. Real oversight. Those are the firms that don’t just claim compliance, they live it.

Why “Net” Is Not a One-Size-Fits-All Answer

If you’ve worked in the investment industry, you’ve probably heard some version of this question:

“Should we show net or gross performance—or both?”

On the surface, the answer seems straight forward. The rules tell us what’s required. Compliance boxes get checked. End of story.

But in practice, presenting net and gross performance is rarely that simple.

How you calculate it, how you present it, and how you disclose it can materially change how investors interpret your results. This article goes beyond the rulebook to explore thepractical considerations firms face when deciding how to present net and gross returns in a manner that is clear, helpful, and in compliance with requirements.

Let’s Start with the Basics (Briefly)

At a high level, for separate account strategies:

  • Gross performance reflects returns before investment management fees
  • Net performance reflects returns after investment management fees have been deducted

Both gross and net performance are typically net of transaction costs, but gross of administrative fees and expenses. When dealing with pooled funds, net performance is also reduced by administrative fees and expenses, but here we are focused on separate account strategies, typically marketed as composite performance.

Simple enough. But that definition alone doesn’t tell the full story—and it’s where many misunderstandings begin.

Why Net Performance Is the Investor’s Reality

From an investor’s perspective, net performance is what actually matters. It represents the return they keep after paying the manager for active management.

That’s why modern regulations and best practices increasingly emphasize net returns. Investors don’t experience gross returns. They experience net outcomes.

And let’s be honest: if an investor chooses an active manager instead of a low-cost index fund or ETF tracking the same benchmark, the expectation is that the active approach should deliver something extra—after fees. Otherwise, it becomes difficult to justify paying for that active management.

Why Gross Performance Still Has a Role

If net returns are what investors actually receive, why do firms still talk about gross performance at all?

Because gross performance tells a different, but complementary, story: what the strategy is capable of before fees, and what investors are paying for that capability.

The gap between gross and net returns represents the cost of active management. Put differently, it answers a question investors are implicitly asking:

How much return am I giving up in exchange for this manager’s expertise?

Viewed this way, gross returns help investors assess:

  • Whether the strategy is adding value before fees
  • How much of the performance is driven by skill: security selection, asset allocation or portfolio construction
  • Whether fees are the primary drag—or whether the strategy itself is struggling

When gross and net returns are shown together, they create transparency around both skill and cost. When shown without context, they can easily obscure the economic tradeoff.

Gross-of-fee returns are also most important when marketing to institutional investors that have the power to negotiate the fee they will pay and know that they will likely pay a fee lower than most of your clients have paid in the past. Their detailed analysis can more accurately be done starting with your gross-of-fee returns and adjusting for the fee they expect to negotiate rather than using net-of-fee returns that have been charged historically.

The Real-World Gray Areas Firms Struggle With

How to Present Gross Returns

Gross returns are pretty straightforward. They are typically calculated before investment management or advisory fees and usually include transaction costs such as commissions and spreads.

For firms that comply with the GIPS® Standards, things can get more nuanced—particularly for bundled fee arrangements. In those cases, firms must make reasonable allocations to separate transaction costs from the bundled fee. But, if that separation cannot be done reliably, gross returns must be shown after removing the entire bundled fee. [1]

Once you move from gross to net returns, however, the conversation becomes less straightforward. We’ve had managers question, “why show net performance at all?” This is especially the case when fees vary across clients or historical fees no longer reflect what an investor would pay today. Others complain that the “benchmark isn’t net-of-fees,” making net-of-fee comparisons inherently imperfect. These concerns highlight why presenting net returns isn’t just a mechanical exercise. In the sections that follow, we’ll unpack these challenges and walk through how to present net-of-fee performance in a way that remains meaningful, transparent, and fit for its intended audience.

How to Present Net Returns

This is where judgment and documentation matters most.

Not all “net” returns are created equal. Even under the SEC Marketing Rule, there is no single mandated definition of net performance—only a requirement that net performance be presented. Under the GIPS Standards, net-of-fee returns must be reduced by investment management fees.

In practice, firms may deduct:

  • Advisory fees (asset-based investment management fees)
  • Performance-based fees
  • Custody fees
  • Transaction costs

Two net-return series can look comparable on the surface while reflecting very different assumptions underneath. This lack of transparency is one of the main reasons institutional investors often require managers to be GIPS compliant—it simplifies comparison by requiring consistency in the assumptions used and how they are presented or additional disclosure when more fees are included in the calculation than what is required.

And context matters. A higher fee may be perfectly reasonable if it reflects broader services such as tax or financial planning, holistic portfolio construction, or access to specialized strategies. The problem isn’t the fee itself, it’s failing to use a fee scenario that is relevant to the user of the report.

Deciding Between Actual vs Model Fees

The next hurdle is deciding whether to use actual fees or a model fee when calculating net returns. Historically, firms most often relied on actual fees, viewing them as the best representation of what clients actually experienced. But that approach raises an important question: are those historical fees still relevant to what an investor would pay today? If the answer is no, a model fee may provide a more representative picture of current expected outcomes. Under the SEC marketing rule, there are cases where firms are required to use a model fee when the anticipated fee is higher than actual fees charged.

This consideration becomes even more important for strategies or composites that include accounts paying little or no fee at all. While the GIPS Standards and the SEC Marketing Rule are not perfectly aligned on this topic, they agree in principle—net performance should be meaningful, not misleading, and should reflect what an actual fee-paying investor should reasonably expect to pay. Thus, many firms opt to present model fee performance to avoid violating the marketing rule’s general prohibitions. [2]

Additional SEC guidance published on Jan 15, 2026 on the Use of Model Fees reinforced that the decision to use model vs actual fees is context-dependent. While the marketing rule allows net performance to be calculated using either actual or model fees, there are cases where the use of actual fees may be misleading. The SEC emphasized flexibility and that while both fee types are allowed, what’s appropriate depends on the facts and circumstances of the situation, including the clarity of disclosures and how fee assumptions are explained.

Which Model Fee Should Be Used?

Most firms offer multiple fee structures, typically based on account size, but sometimes also on investor type (institutional versus retail clients). That variability makes fee selection a key decision when presenting net performance.

If you plan to use a single performance document for broad or mass marketing, best practice—and what the SEC Marketing Rule effectively requires—is to calculate net returns using the highest anticipated fee that could reasonably apply to the intended audience. This helps ensure the presentation is not misleading by overstating what an investor might take home.

A common pushback is: “But the highest fee isn’t relevant to this type of investor.” And that may be true. In those cases, firms have a few defensible options:

  • Create separate versions of the presentation tailored to different investor types, or
  • Present multiple fee tiers within the same document, clearly explaining what each tier represents

Either approach can work—but only if disclosures are explicit and easy to understand. When multiple fee structures are shown, clarity isn’t optional; it’s essential.

In practice, many firms maintain separate retail and institutional versions of factsheets or pitchbooks. That approach is perfectly reasonable, but it comes with operational risk. If this becomes standard practice, firms need strong internal controls to ensure the right presentation reaches the right audience. That means:

  • Clear internal policies
  • Consistent naming and version control
  • Training marketing and sales teams on when each version may be used

This often involves an overlap of both marketing and compliance to get it right because getting the fee right is only part of the equation. Making sure the presentation is used appropriately is just as important to ensuring net performance remains meaningful, compliant, and credible.

Which Statistics Can Be Shown Gross-of-Fees?

Since the introduction of the SEC Marketing Rule, there has been significant debate about whether all statistics must be presented net-of-fees—or whether certain metrics can still be shown gross-of-fees. Helpful clarity arrived in an SEC FAQ released on March 19, 2025, which confirmed that not all portfolio characteristics need to be presented net-of-fees. The examples cited included risk statistics such as the Sharpe and Sortino ratios, attribution results, and similar metrics that are often calculated gross-of-fees to avoid the “noise” introduced by fee deductions.

The staff acknowledged that presenting some of these characteristics net-of-fees may be impractical or even misleading. As long as firms prominently present the portfolio’s total gross and net performance incompliance with the rule (i.e., prescribed time periods 1, 5, 10 years),clearly label these characteristics as gross, and explain how they are calculated, the SEC indicated it would generally not recommend enforcement action.

Bringing it all Together

On paper, presenting net and gross performance should be a straight forward exercise.

In reality, layers of regulation, evolving expectations, and heightened scrutiny have made it feel far more complicated than it needs to be. But complexity doesn’t have to lead to confusion.

When firms are clear about:

  • Who they are communicating with,
  • What that audience expects,
  • What the performance is intended to represent, and
  • Why certain assumptions were chosen

…the decisions around what gets presented become far more manageable.

Net returns aren’t about finding a single “correct” number. They’re about telling an honest, well-documented story. And when that story is clear, investors don’t just understand the performance—they trust it.

[1] 2020 GIPS® Standards for Firms, Section 2: Input Data and Calculation Methodology(gross-of-fees returns and treatment of transaction costs, including bundled fees).

[2] See SEC Marketing Rule 2 026(4)-1(a) footnote 590 as well as the SEC updated FAQ from January 15, 2026. Available at: https://www.sec.gov/rules-regulations/staff-guidance/division-investment-management-frequently-asked-questions/marketing-compliance-frequently-asked-questions